ObjectiveTo review cancer associated fibroblasts(CAFs) and its role in the evolution of gastrointestinal neoplasms. MethodDomestic and international publications in relation to CAFs and its role in the evolution of gastrointestinal neoplasms were collected and reviewed. ResultsIn the gastrointestinal cancers, as the largest number and the most important stromal cells of the tumor microenvironment, CAFs induce the homeostasis of cell microenviron-ment out of balance, promote the remodeling of the tumor metabolism and extracellular matrix(ECM), and thus impulse the generation, proliferation, invasion and metastasis of the tumor by secreting different kinds of cytokines. ConclusionsThe key role CAFs playing in the tumor generation and evolution makes themselves and the multiple relatively specific molecules they secrete a new target for prognosis and targeted therapy, and this gives us a new idea for the combined treatment of gastrointestinal tumor or any other tumors.
ObjectiveTo review the research advances about myeloid derived suppressor cells(MDSC)and pancreatic cancer, and explore the future research trends. MethodRelated literatures in recent 5 years from abroad databases(PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE)and domestic databases(CNKI, WANFANG, and WEIPU)were collected and reviewed. ResultsThe MDSC was the core of tumor immune regulation network in pancreatic cancer microenvironment, it formed a complicated feedback with the pancreatic cancer and the stellate cells. MDSC could promote the cancerogensis and progression of pancreatic cancer, and the accumulation of MDSC in peripheral blood of pancreatic cancer patient could predict the poor prognosis. However up to now, the literatures about the relation between MDSC and the chemotherapy and metastasis of pancreatic cancer were limited. ConclusionsThe comprehensive therapy by targeting MDSC of pancreatic cancer is promising. However, many issues need to be further investigated.
ObjectiveTo summarize the regulating mechanism of microRNA in tumor microenvironment. MethodThe literatures about the studies on the mechanism regulated by microRNA for tumor microenvironment were reviewed according to the results searched from PubMed in recent years. ResultsmicroRNA might be participated in regulation of tumor microenvironment factors such as hypoxia-inducible factor, tumor associated fibroblasts, extracellular matrix, which leaded to a change in biological behavior of tumor cells by reforming the microenviroment. ConclusionsmicroRNA has been participated in regulating many factors of tumor microenvironment. The change of neoplastic microenvironment has been recognized to play a critical role in the development of cancer. Therefore revealing microRNA mechanism for tumor microenvironment could not only help exploring the biological behavior of tumor cells, but also come an important insight for new means of diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
In the tumor microenvironment, tumor-associated macrophage, as polarized macrophages M2 phenotype, can promote tumor progression and affect the prognosis of cancer. Significant attention has been drawn towards tumor-associated macrophage in recent years. In this review, we describe the polarization state of macrophages determined by tumor microenvironment and the recruitment of tumor-associated macrophage. We also pay special attention to the interaction between tumor-associated macrophages and tumors, discuss and summarize various targeted therapy strategies for tumor-associated macrophages, aiming to provide a reference for the future development of these novel and effective anti-cancer treatments.